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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reflexiver Raum</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Reflexivität</b> ist ein Begriff aus der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> und der <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a>.
Ein Raum ist reflexiv, wenn die natürliche Einbettung in seinen <a href="Bidualraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidualraum">Bidualraum</a> ein <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a> ist, wie unten erläutert wird.
Damit kann ein reflexiver Raum mit dem <a href="Dualraum" title="Dualraum">Dualraum</a> seines Dualraums identifiziert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflexive_Räume"><span id="Reflexive_R.C3.A4ume"></span>Reflexive Räume</h2></div>
<p>In der Funktionalanalysis ist Reflexivität eine Eigenschaft von <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierten Vektorräumen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,\|\cdot \|_{X})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,\|\cdot \|_{X})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf42d019c5181bf9720d63015869e1242ee13dbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.46ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,\|\cdot \|_{X})}" loading="lazy"></span> ein normierter Raum (über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>). Man kann zeigen, dass sein <a href="Topologischer_Dualraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Topologischer Dualraum">(topologischer) Dualraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachraum</a> ist. Dessen Dualraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(X'\right)'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(X'\right)'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9763c83e1519e6ca895c413446159b9a7105c8e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.176ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(X'\right)'}" loading="lazy"></span> wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67b827334f818c61a8b86e5d1ea9a3203c8e074b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.134ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X''}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet und heißt <a href="Bidualraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidualraum">Bidualraum</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Durch die Abbildungsvorschrift
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\to X'',x\mapsto [x'\mapsto x'(x)]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\to X'',x\mapsto [x'\mapsto x'(x)]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e39b19e25cc6e674a14f85643e486573a11b47de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.781ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\to X'',x\mapsto [x'\mapsto x'(x)]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wird eine <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetige</a> <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">lineare</a> <a href="Isometrie" title="Isometrie">Isometrie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\to X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\to X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e51360645a7651e949442e8b0610e2d8697c2c15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.685ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\to X''}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, die kanonische <a href="Einbettung_(Mathematik)" title="Einbettung (Mathematik)">Einbettung</a>. Die definierende Gleichung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> liest sich also in Bilinearformschreibweise so:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle J_{X}x,x'\rangle _{X'}=\langle x',x\rangle _{X}\quad \forall x'\in X'.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle J_{X}x,x'\rangle _{X'}=\langle x',x\rangle _{X}\quad \forall x'\in X'.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/505de3cc9ea5c42d4ae44f4a5b5f280b1125de7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.002ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle J_{X}x,x'\rangle _{X'}=\langle x',x\rangle _{X}\quad \forall x'\in X'.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Als Isometrie ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Injektivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Injektivität">injektiv</a>. Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> zusätzlich <a href="Surjektiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Surjektiv">surjektiv</a> ist, also insgesamt ein isometrischer <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67b827334f818c61a8b86e5d1ea9a3203c8e074b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.134ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X''}" loading="lazy"></span>, so nennt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> einen reflexiven Raum.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h3></div>
<ul><li>Jeder endlichdimensionale Banachraum ist reflexiv.</li>
<li>Nach dem <a href="Darstellungssatz_von_Fr%C3%A9chet-Riesz" title="Darstellungssatz von Fréchet-Riesz">Darstellungssatz von Fréchet-Riesz</a> ist jeder <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> reflexiv.</li>
<li><a href="Abgeschlossene_Menge" title="Abgeschlossene Menge">Abgeschlossene</a> <a href="Untervektorraum" title="Untervektorraum">Unterräume</a> reflexiver Räume sind reflexiv.</li>
<li>Für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5540fd86346b4798d7447b8de70fe98cf6243d28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.853ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> und alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a5bc4b7383031ba693b7433198ead7170954c1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.73ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> sind die <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum">Lebesgue-Räume</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{p}\left(\Omega \right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{p}\left(\Omega \right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cda0d6fdae0a2ae70df688dc8018a9fd7d1d32b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.516ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{p}\left(\Omega \right)}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie alle <a href="Sobolev-Raum" title="Sobolev-Raum">Sobolev-Räume</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W^{k,p}\left(\Omega \right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W^{k,p}\left(\Omega \right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3a49db98aa0c4a947b4f948bf0136c2d3a9a2e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.755ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W^{k,p}\left(\Omega \right)}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle offenen Teilmengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79774d994aac0be34ef390915fed12cbce816f6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.673ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv.</li>
<li>Für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5540fd86346b4798d7447b8de70fe98cf6243d28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.853ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> sind die <a href="Folgenraum" title="Folgenraum">Folgenräume</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(\mathbb {K} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(\mathbb {K} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9c11b3335603f67d62fcafdff056510bc6eabc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.646ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(\mathbb {K} )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50661cfb16363a5e9df94a9f5de9e16266d74f8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.297ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv.</li>
<li>Die Banachräume <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{1}(\mathbb {K} ),\ell ^{\infty }(\mathbb {K} ),L^{1}(\Omega ),L^{\infty }(\Omega ),BC^{k}(\Omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{1}(\mathbb {K} ),\ell ^{\infty }(\mathbb {K} ),L^{1}(\Omega ),L^{\infty }(\Omega ),BC^{k}(\Omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0643c263844c4cd57f4a9c41bc98945401142633.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.448ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{1}(\mathbb {K} ),\ell ^{\infty }(\mathbb {K} ),L^{1}(\Omega ),L^{\infty }(\Omega ),BC^{k}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> sind nicht reflexiv.</li>
<li>1951 hat <a href="Robert_C._James" title="Robert C. James">Robert C. James</a> den nach ihm benannten <a href="James-Raum" title="James-Raum">James-Raum</a> konstruiert. Dieser ist nicht reflexiv, aber isometrisch isomorph zu seinem Bidualraum, das heißt die kanonische Einbettung des Raumes in seinen Bidual ist nicht surjektiv, aber dennoch gibt es einen anderen isometrischen Isomorphismus des Raumes auf seinen Bidual.</li>
<li>Alle <a href="UMD-Raum" title="UMD-Raum">UMD-Räume</a> sind reflexiv.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexivitätskriterien"><span id="Reflexivit.C3.A4tskriterien"></span>Reflexivitätskriterien</h3></div>
<p>Ein Banachraum ist genau dann reflexiv, wenn
</p>
<ul><li>(Satz von Kakutani) die Einheitskugel kompakt in der schwachen Topologie ist.</li>
<li>(<a href="Satz_von_Eberlein%E2%80%93%C5%A0mulian" title="Satz von Eberlein–Šmulian">Satz von Eberlein–Šmulian</a>) jede beschränkte Folge eine schwach konvergente <a href="Teilfolge" title="Teilfolge">Teilfolge</a> besitzt.</li>
<li>(<a href="Satz_von_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Satz von James">Satz von James</a>) jedes stetige lineare Funktional seine <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a> auf der Einheitskugel annimmt.</li>
<li>(Šmulian, 1939) jede absteigende Folge nicht-leerer, beschränkter, abgeschlossener und <a href="Konvexe_Menge" title="Konvexe Menge">konvexer Mengen</a> einen nicht-leeren Durchschnitt hat.</li></ul>
<p>Die letzte Charakterisierung ist bemerkenswert, da sie ausschließlich den Banachraum selbst verwendet, also insbesondere keinen Bezug auf den Bidualraum (siehe Definition) oder den Dualraum (Verwendung der schwachen Topologie oder Satz von James) nimmt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften_reflexiver_Räume"><span id="Eigenschaften_reflexiver_R.C3.A4ume"></span>Eigenschaften reflexiver Räume</h3></div>
<p>Jeder reflexive <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierte Raum</a> ist ein Banachraum, denn er ist nach Definition isomorph zum vollständigen Bidualraum. In reflexiven Banachräumen ist die abgeschlossene Einheitskugel (allgemeiner jede beschränkte und schwach abgeschlossene <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Teilmenge</a>) schwach kompakt, d. h. <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakt</a> bzgl. der <a href="Schwache_Topologie" title="Schwache Topologie">schwachen Topologie</a> (dies folgt direkt aus dem <a href="Satz_von_Banach-Alao%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Satz von Banach-Alaoğlu">Satz von Banach-Alaoğlu</a> über die <a href="Schwach-*-Topologie" title="Schwach-*-Topologie">schwach*-Kompaktheit</a> der Einheitskugel des Bidualraum eines reflexiven Banachraums).
</p><p>Diese Eigenschaft charakterisiert die reflexiven Räume: Ein Banachraum ist genau dann reflexiv, wenn seine Einheitskugel schwach kompakt ist.
</p><p>Insbesondere hat jedes beschränkte <a href="Netz_(Topologie)" title="Netz (Topologie)">Netz</a> in einem reflexiven Raum ein schwach konvergentes Teilnetz.
Mit dem <a href="Satz_von_Eberlein%E2%80%93%C5%A0mulian" title="Satz von Eberlein–Šmulian">Satz von Eberlein–Šmulian</a> folgt, dass jede beschränkte <i>Folge</i> in einem reflexiven Banachraum eine schwach konvergente <i>Teilfolge</i> besitzt.
Weiter gelten folgende Permanenzaussagen:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann reflexiv, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> vollständig ist.</li>
<li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y\subset X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y\subset X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22ed7bcf8cec0dba504a57e067b74f9f85f1ea0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.852ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y\subset X}" loading="lazy"></span> ein abgeschlossener Unterraum, so sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X/Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X/Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5c21f71ffba4f60a9c805ffb509a370f1e9c547.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X/Y}" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h3></div>
<p>Zusammen mit den <a href="Sobolew-Raum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobolew-Raum">sobolevschen Einbettungssätzen</a> liefert die Existenz von schwach konvergenten Teilfolgen beschränkter Folgen häufig Lösungen von Variationsproblemen und damit <a href="Partielle_Differentialgleichung" title="Partielle Differentialgleichung">partiellen Differentialgleichungen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexive_lokalkonvexe_Räume"><span id="Reflexive_lokalkonvexe_R.C3.A4ume"></span>Reflexive lokalkonvexe Räume</h3></div>
<p>Versieht man den Dualraum eines <a href="Lokalkonvexer_Raum" title="Lokalkonvexer Raum">lokalkonvexen Raums</a> X mit der <a href="Dualraum#Starker_Dualraum_eines_lokalkonvexen_Raums" title="Dualraum">starken Topologie</a>, so erhält man eine injektive, stetige, lineare Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\rightarrow X'',\,J_{X}(x)(x'):=x'(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\rightarrow X'',\,J_{X}(x)(x'):=x'(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/284d16c7e4afad2d1441bc012c5fdce39ff0dce1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.89ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}\colon X\rightarrow X'',\,J_{X}(x)(x'):=x'(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt reflexiv, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Hom%C3%B6omorphismus" title="Homöomorphismus">topologischer Isomorphismus</a> ist und <i>halbreflexiv</i>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> surjektiv ist.
Im Gegensatz zum Fall normierter Räume ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/958b3c1ea6e9fbe572ace28aa1ef4aec287247f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.923ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> im halbreflexiven Fall nicht automatisch ein topologischer Isomorphismus. Es gelten folgende Sätze:
</p>
<ul><li>Ein lokalkonvexer Raum ist genau dann halbreflexiv, wenn jede <a href="Schwache_Topologie" title="Schwache Topologie">schwach</a> <a href="Abgeschlossene_Menge" title="Abgeschlossene Menge">abgeschlossene</a> <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nktheit#Beschränkte_Mengen_in_topologischen_Vektorräumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Beschränktheit">beschränkte</a> Menge <a href="Schwache_Topologie" title="Schwache Topologie">schwach</a> <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakt</a> ist.</li>
<li>Ein lokalkonvexer Raum ist genau dann reflexiv, wenn er halbreflexiv und <a href="Tonnelierter_Raum" title="Tonnelierter Raum">quasitonneliert</a> ist.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflexive_Moduln">Reflexive Moduln</h2></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Modul_(Mathematik)" title="Modul (Mathematik)">Modul</a> über einem <a href="Kommutativer_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommutativer Ring">kommutativen Ring</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Einselement, so wird der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>-Modul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M^{*}=\operatorname {Hom} _{A}(M,A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M^{*}=\operatorname {Hom} _{A}(M,A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7779238d4d094fe20f7185ef67aca50b482f15c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.986ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M^{*}=\operatorname {Hom} _{A}(M,A)}" loading="lazy"></span> der <i>duale Modul</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> genannt; der Modul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M^{**}=\left(M^{*}\right)^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M^{**}=\left(M^{*}\right)^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d382d29f6f60c03dbcebeb0676118669e14d87b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.89ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M^{**}=\left(M^{*}\right)^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>Bidualmodul</i>. Es gibt eine kanonische Abbildung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\to M^{**},\quad m\mapsto (\lambda \mapsto \lambda (m))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\to M^{**},\quad m\mapsto (\lambda \mapsto \lambda (m))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/606124efa48255f23a9240f638f3622e4844954f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.426ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\to M^{**},\quad m\mapsto (\lambda \mapsto \lambda (m))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die im Allgemeinen weder injektiv noch surjektiv ist. Ist sie ein Isomorphismus, so heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> reflexiv.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>R. Meise, D. Vogt: <i>Einführung in die Funktionalanalysis</i>, Vieweg, 1992, ISBN 3-528-07262-8</li>
<li>Robert E. Megginson: <i>An Introduction to Banach Space Theory</i>, Springer New York (1998), ISBN 0-387-98431-3, Kapitel 1.3: <i>Characterizations of Reflexivity</i></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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